Japan loses top creditor nation status after 34 years

May 27, 2025 (MLN): Japan lost its position as the world’s largest creditor nation for the first time in 34 years, despite posting a record amount of overseas assets.

Japan’s net external assets reached ¥533.05 trillion ($3.7tr) at the end of 2024, rising about 13% from the previous year, according to data released Tuesday by the Ministry of Finance.

While the figure marked an all-time high, it was overtaken by Germany, whose net external assets totaled ¥569.7tr.

China stayed in third place with net assets of ¥516.3tr. Japan began its streak at the top by overtaking Germany in 1991.

Germany’s ascent reflects its substantial current account surplus, which reached €248.7 billion ($283bn) in 2024 thanks largely to a strong trade performance, as Bloomberg reported.

Japan’s surplus in turn was ¥29.4tr according to the finance ministry, equivalent to around €180bn. Last year, the euro-yen rate rose around 5%, exaggerating the increase in German assets versus Japanese in yen terms.

A country’s net foreign assets are the value of its overseas assets minus the value of its domestic assets that are owned by foreigners, adjusted for changes in currency values, and the figure is essentially reflected in the cumulative change of the country’s current account.

Finance Minister Katsunobu Kato signaled Tuesday that he was unperturbed by the development.

"Given that Japan’s net external assets have also been steadily increasing, the ranking alone should not be taken as a sign that Japan’s position has changed significantly,” Kato told reporters.

For Japan, a weaker yen contributed to increases in both foreign assets and liabilities, but assets grew at a faster pace, driven in part by expanded business investment abroad.

Tuesday’s data generally reflect broader trends in foreign direct investment.

In 2024, Japanese companies maintained a robust appetite for foreign direct investment, particularly in the U.S. and U.K., according to the ministry.

Sectors such as finance, insurance and retail attracted significant capital from Japanese investors, the ministry said.

Japan’s increasing allocations of funds to direct investment rather than foreign securities means it’s more difficult to repatriate funds quickly, according to Daisuke Karakama, chief market economist at Mizuho Bank.

"It’s easy to imagine domestic investors selling foreign bonds and securities when risks emerge, but they’re not going to divest from overseas companies they’ve acquired so easily,” Karakama said.

Looking ahead, the trajectory of outbound investment may hinge on whether Japanese firms continue to expand their overseas spending, especially in the U.S.

With U.S. President Donald Trump’s tariff policies in effect, some companies may be incentivized to relocate production or transfer assets to the U.S. to mitigate trade-related risks.

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